	Home

	MCSE

	MCSE + Security

	CCNA

	CCNP

	Schedule

	Register

	Frequently Asked Questions

	Course Fees

	Contact US

	Boot Camp Location

	Compare us to our competitors

	Testimonials

	Sitemap

JOIN THE BEST MCITP Boot Camp, MCSE Boot Camp also CCNA , CCNP Certification Boot Camp Training program. 100% Guaranteed - Lowest Fees, Highest Passing Rate. MCSE Boot Camp Certification

MCITP MCSE and CCNA Certification Notes Series :

MCSE 2016 Boot Camp : Azure Boot camp : CCNA / CCNAX Boot Camp:

CCNA Boot Camp

Cisco Hierarchical Model:
For more information about this, please read our separate tutorial titled "The Cisco Hierarchical Model".

OSI Model:
The OSI model is a layered model and a conceptual standard used for defining standards to promote multi-vendor integration as well as maintain constant interfaces and isolate changes of implementation to a single layer. It is NOT application or protocol specific. In order to pass any Cisco exam, you need to know the OSI model inside and out.

The OSI Model consists of 7 layers as follows:

Layer	Description	Device	Protocol
Application	Provides network access for applications, flow control and error recovery. Provides communications services to applications by identifying and establishing the availability of other computers as well as to determine if sufficient resources exist for communication purposes.	Gateway	NCP, SMB, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, Telnet, Appletalk
Presentation	Performs protocol conversion, encryption and data compression	Gateway and redirectors	NCP, AFP, TDI
Session	Allows 2 applications to communicate over a network by opening a session and synchronizing the involved computers. Handles connection establishment, data transfer and connection release	Gateway	NetBios
Transport	Repackages messages into smaller formats, provides error free delivery and error handling functions	Gateway	NetBEUI, TCP, SPX, and NWLink
Network	Handles addressing, translates logical addresses and names to physical addresses, routing and traffic management.	Router and brouter	IP, IPX, NWLink, NetBEUI
**Data Link	Packages raw bits into frames making it transmitable across a network link and includes a cyclical redundancy check(CRC). It consists of the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer. The MAC sublayer is important to remember, as it is responsible for appending the MAC address of the next hop to the frame header. On the contrary, LLC sublayer uses Destination Service Access Points and Source Service Access Points to create links for the MAC sublayers.	Switch, bridge and brouter	None
Physical	Physical layer works with the physical media for transmitting and receiving data bits via certain encoding schemes. It also includes specifications for certain mechanical connection features, such as the adaptor connector.	Multiplexer and repeater	None

Here is an easy way to memorize the order of the layers:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing. The first letter of each word corresponds to the first letter of one of the layers. It is a little corny, but it works.

Class	Range	Explanation
A	1-126	IP addresses can be class A, B or C. Class A addresses are for networks with a large number of hosts. The first octet is the netid and the 3 remaining octets are the hostid. Class B addresses are used in medium to large networks with the first 2 octets making up the netid and the remaining 2 are the hostid. A class C is for smaller networks with the first 3 octets making up the netid and the last octet comprising the hostid. The later two classes aren’t used for networks.
B	128-191
C	192-223
D	224-239 (Multicasting)
E	240-255 (Experimental)

A subnet mask blocks out a portion of an IP address and is used to differentiate between the hostid and netid. The default subnet masks are as follows:

Class	Default Subnet	# of Subnets	# of Hosts Per Subnet
Class A	255.0.0.0	126	16,777,214
Class B	255.255.0.0	16,384	65,534
Class C	255.255.255.0	2,097,152	254

In these cases, the part of the IP address blocked out by 255 is the Net ID.

3COM’s IP addressing tutorial is just superior. It covers basic IP addressing options as well as subnetting and VLSM/CIDR.

IPX/SPX:
IPX will also be an important issue to consider in network management given the fact there many companies still use Netware servers. There are two parts to every IPX Network address - the Network ID and the Host ID. The first 8 hex digits represent the network ID, while the remaining hex digits represent the host ID, which is most likely the same as the MAC address, meaning we do not need to manually assign node addresses. Note that valid hexadecimal digits range from 0 through 9, and hexadecimal letters range from A through F. FFFFFFFF in hexadecimal notation = 4292967295 in decimal.

Sequenced Packet Exchange(SPX) belongs to the Transport layer, and is connection-oriented. It creates virtual circuits between hosts, and that each host is given a connection ID in the SPX header for identifying the connection. Service Advertisement Protocol(SAP) is used by NetWare servers to advertise network services via broadcast at an interval of every 60 minutes by default.

Managing a Cisco Router

Router Internals

**Router Components**
Component	Location	Description
Bootstrap	stored in microcode in ROM	Boots router and loads IOS
P.O.S.T.	stored in microcode in ROM	Checks basic functionality of router hardware and determines which interfaces are present
ROM Monitor	stored in microcode in ROM	Used for manufacturer testing and troubleshooting
Mini IOS	stored in microcode in ROM	Also called RXBOOT or bootloader, Small IOS in ROM can be used to bring up an interface and load a Cisco IOS into flash memory
RAM	hardware	Holds packet buffers, routing tables, software and data structures that allow the router to function. running-config is stored in RAM. IOS can be run from here on some routers
ROM	hardware	Used to start and maintain the router
Flash memory	hardware	Used to store the IOS. Not erased when the router is reloaded. An EEPROM chip.
NVRAM	hardware	Used to hold router or switch configuration. Not erased when the router or switch is reloaded. (holds startup-config) usually 32K in size.
Configuration Register	in NVRAM	Controls how the router boots

Backing Up and Restoring Cisco IOSs

Before upgrading or restoring an IOS, you should backup the current version to a TFTP server. By default Flash memory is used to store the Cisco IOS.

Verify Flash

   Router3>en
   Router3#show flash
   File  Length   Name/status
     1   10218508  /c2500-js-l_120-8.bin
   [10316471 bytes used, 6460745 available, 16777216 total]
   16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

The last line shows the amount of flash memory on board (16384K bytes of processor board System flash) Filename for this IOS is c2500-js-l_120-8.bin

Filename Explained
`c2500`	Platform
`j`	Enterprise image
`s`	File contains extended capabilities
`l`	Indicates file may be moved, not compressed
`120-8`	Revision number
`.bin`	Executable binary file

Backup IOS

Use the show version command to determine the version of the IOS on the router and the filename of the image, you already got the size of flash from the previous command.

   Router_1#show version
   ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.0, RELEASE SOFTWARE
   BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c)XB1, 
   RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

   Router_1 uptime is 11 minutes
   System restarted by power-on
   System image file is c2500-js-1_120-8.bin, booted via flash

   Bridging software.
   X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
   1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
   2 Serial network interface(s)
   32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
   8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

   Configuration register is 0x2102

   Router_1#

Use the following command to copy the IOS from flash to a TFTP server:

   Router3#copy flash tftp
   System flash directory:
   File  Length   Name/status
      1   6078548  c2500-js-l_120-8.bin

   [6078612 bytes used, 2309996 available, 8388608 total]
   Address or name of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 192.168.1.70
   Source file name? c2500-js-l_120-8.bin
   Destination file name [c2500-js-l_120-8.bin]?
   Verifying checksum for 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin' (file # 1)...  OK
   Copy 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin' from Flash to server
   as 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin'? [yes/no]yes
   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
                      [cut for brevity]
   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

   Upload to server done
   Flash copy took 0:01:44 [hh:mm:ss]

TFTP doesn't allow directory browsing or user authentication, so the file is put in the default directory of the TFTP server.

Restoring or Upgrading the IOS

Restoring from a TFTP server.

Make sure that file is in the TFTP's default directory (you won't be prompted for the directory from the TFTP server, you have to know where it is).

   Router3#copy tftp flash

                            ****  NOTICE  ****
   Flash load helper v1.0
   This process will accept the copy options and then terminate
   the current system image to use the ROM based image for the copy.
   Routing functionality will not be available during that time.
   If you are logged in via telnet, this connection will terminate.
   Users with console access can see the results of the copy operation.
                            ---- ******** ----
   Proceed? [confirm]

The above tells you that the router must reboot.

   System flash directory:
   File  Length   Name/status
     1   6078548  c2500-js-l_120-8.bin

   [6078612 bytes used, 2309996 available, 8388608 total]
   Address or name of remote host [192.168.1.70]? 192.168.1.70

If you've used a TFTP server before, it will use it as the default choice.

The next prompt is for the source filename, which must be in the TFTP's root directory.

   Source file name? c2500-js-l_120-8.bin
   Destination file name [c2500-d-l_113-5.bin]?
   Accessing file 'c2500-d-l_113-5.bin' on 192.168.1.70...
   Loading 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin' from 192.168.1.70 (via Ethernet0): ! [OK]

Next you are prompted three times to confirm that the current flash file will be erased, you will be prompted to backup the running-config to startup-config if it has been changed since the router will reboot.

   Erase flash device before writing? [confirm]
   Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase? [confirm]
   
   System Configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: yes
   Building configuration...
   [OK]
   Copy 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin' from server
   as 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin' into Flash WITH erase? [yes/no]yes

Router reboots and loads the Mini IOS from ROM in order to erase the flash since the flash can't be erased while it's in use.

   %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload Requested
   %FLH: c2500-js-l_120-8.bin from 192.168.1.70 to flash ...
   System flash directory:
   File  Length   Name/status
     1   6078548  c2500-js-l_120-8.bin
   [8121064 bytes used, 8656152 available, 16777216 total]
   Accessing file 'c2500-js-l_120-8.bin' on 192.168.1.70...
   Loading c2500-js-l_120-8.bin from 192.168.1.70 (via Ethernet0): ! [OK]

New file is copied

   Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
   eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
   Loading c2500-js-l_120-8.bin from 192.168.1.70 (via Ethernet0):
   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
                           [output cut for brevity]
   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

After copy

   [OK 10935532/16777216 bytes]
   
   Verifying checksum... OK (0x2E3A)
   Flash copy took 0:05:45 [hh:mm:ss]
   %FLH: Re-booting system after download

Router reboots and new IOS is used

Reload the Router

After upgrading the IOS, you will have to reload the router to use the new software. Note that some routers reboot automatically when you copy a new version of software to the router if it doesn't, use the following command.

   Router_2#reload
   Proceed with reload? [confirm] yes
   %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested

Backing Up and Restoring System Configuration

Any changes made to the router configuration are stored in running-config, copying the running-config to the startup-config in NVRAM will ensure that changes made to the system configuration are saved in the event that the router is reloaded. Use the following command to save configuration changes.

   Router#copy running-config startup-config
   Building configuration...
   [OK]  
   
   Router#

Copying running-config to TFTP

Copying the running-config to a TFTP server allows you to maintain a second copy in the event that you make irreversible errors to running-config and startup-config. Use the following command and answer the questions such as server's IP address and destination filename.

   Router_2#copy running-config tftp 
   Remote host []? 192.168.1.70
   Name of configuration file to write [router-confg]?  < Enter > 
   Write file router-confg on host 192.168.1.70? [confirm]  < Enter > 
   Building configuration...
   Writing router-confg !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![OK]

Restoring Configuration Files

If you've made changes to the running-config, the easiest way to undo all of the changes is to copy the startup-config to the running-config. Providing, of course, that you haven't saved any of the changes you want to get rid of. If you saved changes to the startup-config, you can load a config file from a TFTP server as long as you remembered to back it up before making changes.

From startup
To restore the startup-config file from NVRAM to the running-config in RAM use the following command and note that running-config will be overwritten with the startup-config file information.

   Router3#copy startup-config runnning-config

From TFTP
You can also restore the running-config file from a TFTP server, providing that you have backed it up there.

   Router_2#copy tftp running-config 
   Host or network configuration file [host]? < Enter > 
   Address of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 192.168.1.70
   Name of configuration file [router-confg]? router-confg 
   Configure using router-confg from 192.168.1.70 [confirm]? < Enter > 
   Loading router-confg from 192.168.1.70 (via serial 0)  !!!!!!
   [OK - 882/32723]

Erasing the Configuration

Use the following command to erase the startup file and enter setup mode whenever the router is reloaded.

   Router_2#erase startup-config

Call Now : 800-519- 2267

Why Vibrant Boot camp

No Prestudy

Longest Duration Bootcamp

Chalk Talk Training

Highest Passing Rate

Bootcamp since 1997

Guaranteed Lowest Rate

Guaranteed Certification ...

Testimonials

If you're serious about getting certified, this is the place to go. Definitely worth their competitive price. Excellent instructors, making it possible for anyone to learn no matter what your level of experience or knowledge.

Michael Doty

Vibrant offers MCITP MCSE certification training boot camp for $5400 all inclusive, instructor led at California and Baltimore.
Ref1 : Ref2 : link : resources : Tcp/ip